101 Level • Fundamentals

DSCR Ratio Explained

Master the math behind DSCR loan qualification

The DSCR Formula

DSCR (Debt Service Coverage Ratio) is a simple division:

Gross Monthly Rent
PITIA (Total Monthly Payment)

The result tells lenders whether the property generates enough income to cover its debt obligations.

Understanding the Numerator: Rental Income

What Counts as "Rent"?

Lenders typically use one of these methods to determine rental income:

Rent Determination Methods
  1. Appraiser's Market Rent (1007): The appraiser estimates market rent as part of the appraisal. Most common for purchases and vacant properties.
  2. Existing Lease: If the property is already rented, lenders may use the actual lease amount.
  3. Lower of the Two: Some lenders take the lesser of market rent vs. lease to be conservative.
Pro Tip

Before making an offer, research comparable rents on Zillow, Rentometer, or local listings. If market rents don't support your target DSCR, the deal may not work.

Understanding the Denominator: PITIA

PITIA stands for the five components of your total housing payment:

PITIA Breakdown
Principal The portion of your payment that reduces the loan balance
Interest The cost of borrowing money
Taxes Annual property taxes ÷ 12
Insurance Hazard/homeowner's insurance ÷ 12
Association Dues HOA fees (if applicable)

Additional Items Sometimes Included

  • Flood Insurance: Required if in flood zone
  • PMI/MIP: Not typically required on DSCR loans
  • Special Assessments: May be included if ongoing

Real Calculation Examples

Example 1: Single Family Home

Purchase Price $300,000
Loan Amount $240,000 (80% LTV)
Interest Rate 7.5%
Monthly Rent $2,200

PITIA Calculation:

  • Principal & Interest: $1,678
  • Taxes: $250/month
  • Insurance: $125/month
  • HOA: $0
  • Total PITIA: $2,053

DSCR = $2,200 ÷ $2,053 = 1.07

✓ Qualifies for standard DSCR programs

Example 2: Duplex

Purchase Price $400,000
Loan Amount $320,000 (80% LTV)
Interest Rate 7.75%
Monthly Rent $1,500 × 2 units = $3,000

PITIA Calculation:

  • Principal & Interest: $2,296
  • Taxes: $350/month
  • Insurance: $175/month
  • HOA: $0
  • Total PITIA: $2,821

DSCR = $3,000 ÷ $2,821 = 1.06

✓ Qualifies for standard DSCR programs

Example 3: High-End Condo (Fails)

Purchase Price $500,000
Loan Amount $375,000 (75% LTV)
Interest Rate 7.5%
Monthly Rent $2,800

PITIA Calculation:

  • Principal & Interest: $2,622
  • Taxes: $450/month
  • Insurance: $150/month
  • HOA: $500/month
  • Total PITIA: $3,722

DSCR = $2,800 ÷ $3,722 = 0.75

⚠️ Below 1.0 - Needs "No-Ratio" program or won't qualify

HOA Warning

High HOA fees kill DSCR ratios. That $500/month HOA effectively adds $500 to your debt obligation. Always factor in HOA fees when analyzing deals.

DSCR Ratio Tiers & Pricing

Higher DSCR ratios unlock better loan terms:

DSCR Range Rate Impact Programs Available
1.50+ Best rates All programs, best terms
1.25-1.49 Excellent rates All standard programs
1.10-1.24 Good rates Standard programs
1.00-1.09 Standard rates Most programs
0.75-0.99 +0.5-1.0% premium "No-Ratio" programs
Below 0.75 Significant premium Limited options

Try It Yourself

Use our calculator to see your DSCR ratio instantly:

Open DSCR Calculator
Ready for 201?

Now that you understand the basics, dive into our 201 Level courses to learn how DSCR calculations differ by property type, STR vs LTR, and strategies to improve your ratio.